Canker Sores (Mouth Ulcers): Why Do They Occur and How Do They Heal?

Small but considerably painful sores that develop inside the mouth can significantly affect daily quality of life. The burning sensation and sensitivity experienced while eating, speaking, or brushing teeth make canker sores one of the most uncomfortable oral problems. So why do canker sores occur, how do they heal, and when is it necessary to consult a doctor?

Aft Nedir?

A canker sore (aphthous ulcer) is a painful lesion on the oral mucosa that appears white or yellow with a red border around it. They are typically seen on the:

  • Dilde
  • Inner surface of the cheek
  • Inner surface of the lip
  • Gum tissue
  • Damakta

surfaces.

Most canker sores heal on their own within 7–14 days and do not leave a scar.

What Are the Types of Canker Sores?

Minor Aphthous Ulcer

This is the most common type of canker sore.

  • Less than 1 cm in size
  • Heals within 1–2 weeks
  • Does not leave a scar

Major Aphthous Ulcer

These are larger and deeper lesions.

  • More painful
  • Healing may take 2–6 weeks
  • May leave a scar

Herpetiform Aft

Çok sayıda küçük aftın kümeler halinde oluşmasıdır.
İsmi “herpes” benzeri görünümden gelir ancak uçuk virüsüyle ilişkili değildir.

Why Do Canker Sores Occur?

Although the exact cause of canker sores is not fully known, several triggering factors have been identified.

1. Oral Trauma

Accidentally biting the cheek, using a hard-bristled toothbrush, or orthodontic wires may cause minor injuries inside the mouth.

2. Stres ve Uykusuzluk

Intense stress and irregular sleep may affect the immune system and increase the likelihood of canker sore development.

3. Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies

In particular, the following deficiencies are associated with recurrent canker sores:

  • B12 vitamini
  • Demir
  • Zinc
  • Folik asit

4. Certain Foods

In some individuals, the following foods may trigger canker sores:

  • Domates
  • Limon
  • Spicy foods
  • Chocolate
  • Nuts

5. Hormonal Changes

Hormonal fluctuations, such as those occurring during the menstrual cycle, may make some individuals more prone to developing canker sores.

6. Toothpaste Ingredients

Toothpastes containing Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) may irritate the oral mucosa and increase the frequency of canker sores.

7. Systemic Conditions

Frequently recurring canker sores may sometimes be associated with the following conditions:

  • Coeliac disease
  • Crohn's disease
  • Ulcerative colitis
  • Immune system disorders

How Do Canker Sores Heal?

Most canker sores resolve on their own; however, certain approaches may accelerate healing and reduce pain.

Topikal Kremler ve Jeller

Used under a doctor's recommendation:

  • Kortizonlu aft jelleri
  • Lokal anestezik jeller
  • Antiseptic mouth rinses

may help reduce symptoms.

Salt Water Rinse

A warm salt water or sodium bicarbonate rinse may provide relief inside the mouth.

Maintain Oral Hygiene

  • Use a soft-bristled toothbrush
  • Brush without irritating the inside of the mouth
  • Maintain regular oral hygiene

Diet

During the period of canker sore presence, it may be helpful to avoid:

  • Asitli
  • Spicy
  • Sert
  • Very hot foods

may be beneficial to avoid.

Drink Plenty of Water

Dry mouth can worsen canker sore symptoms. Consuming adequate amounts of water throughout the day is important.

How Long Does It Take for a Canker Sore to Heal?

Most canker sores:

  • Heals within 7 to 14 days
  • Resolves without leaving a scar

However, larger or recurrent canker sores may take longer to heal.

When Should You See a Dentist?

Professional evaluation is necessary in the following situations:

  • If the oral sore persists for more than 3 weeks
  • If it recurs continuously
  • If the number of sores is increasing
  • If accompanied by fever and fatigue
  • If the sore is growing in size
  • If it causes severe pain

Oral sores that do not heal over an extended period should always be evaluated.

Canker Sore or Cold Sore?

Canker sores and cold sores are frequently confused.

Aft

  • Develops inside the mouth
  • Not contagious
  • Not caused by a virus

Cold Sore

  • Usually appears around the lips
  • Caused by the HSV-1 virus
  • Contagious

Frequently Asked Questions

Are canker sores contagious?

No. Canker sores are not contagious.

Why do canker sores keep recurring?

Vitamin deficiencies, stress, immune system problems, or certain systemic conditions may cause recurrent canker sores.

Which vitamin deficiency is associated with canker sores?

Most commonly:

  • B12
  • Demir
  • Zinc
  • Folik asit

deficiencies are investigated.

Can stress cause canker sores?

Yes. Stress may affect the immune system and make canker sore development more likely.

Conclusion

Canker sores are generally painful oral lesions that are not serious but can reduce quality of life. Regular oral hygiene, avoiding known triggers, and topical treatments when necessary may accelerate the healing process. However, oral sores that do not heal over an extended period or recur frequently should always be professionally evaluated.